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  5. The legal nature of the moratorium on the fulfillment of obligations to creditors – persons that are related to the Russian Federation

“Pravova derzhava”. Issue 36 (2025), pages 493–504.

DOI: 10.33663/0869-2491-2025-36-493-504

Koroied Serhii
The legal nature of the moratorium on the fulfillment of obligations to creditors – persons that are related to the Russian Federation

Introduction: The problem of applying a new type of moratorium which was introduced in Ukraine in connection with the military aggression of the Russian Federation, that establishes a prohibition on the fulfillment of monetary and other obligations to the creditors (collectors) — persons which are related to the Russian Federation, is considered. This problem is caused by an ambiguous understanding of the legal nature of this moratorium, since the Supreme Court interprets it not only as a prohibition on the collection (actual receipt) of funds or property in favor of specified creditors, which are due to them, during the moratorium period, but also generally denies the possibility of such creditors to exercise the right to apply for judicial protection in order to obtain a court judgment which is awarding compulsory execution of the relevant obligation in kind (regardless of the possibility of further compulsory execution of such a court judgment). The latter case makes it impossible for the creditor to apply to court again after the moratorium has ended with the same claim, and therefore to obtain from the debtor the execution of his/hers obligation in a compulsory way, which would be a violation of the conventional right of a person to peaceful possession of his/hers property.
The aim of the article: The purpose of the article is to establish the legal nature of the moratorium on the fulfillment of obligations in favor of creditors - persons that are related to the Russian Federation in terms of determining the moment of its application by the courts (either at the stage of judicial proceedings or at the stage of compulsory execution of a court judgment) and its impact on the creditor’s powers in the obligation.
Results: The results of the study are based on a systematic analysis of the provisions of the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On ensuring the protection of national interests in future claims of the state of Ukraine in connection with the military aggression of the Russian Federation”, which establishes a moratorium on the fulfillment of obligations to creditors who are persons related to the
Russian Federation, the judicial practice of its application, as well as a general understanding of the legal nature of the moratorium as a legal category. The conducted scientific and practical analysis of the mentioned resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine does not give grounds for concluding that the obligations, that arose before the moratorium was introduced, cease to be effective; the mentioned regulatory act establishes the postponement of the execution of obligations, that is, a temporary ban on the execution of actions by the debtor, not the creditor. At the same time, there is no ban for such creditors on filing lawsuits to the court for the forced execution of an obligation in kind and no possibility (grounds) for refusing to satisfy such claims are provided, precisely in connection with the introduction of this moratorium. This approach to interpreting mentioned moratorium corresponds to the positions of the Supreme Court regarding the application of other types of moratoriums, as well as the characteristics of the types of grounds for refusing judicial protection (refusal to satisfy the claim), among which there is no such ground as the establishment of a moratorium on the execution of obligations.
Conclusions: The specified moratorium should apply exclusively to the prohibition of actions by debtors themselves (transfer property, execute work, provide a service, pay money, etc.) in favor of the specified creditors in those obligations that arose before the entry into force of such a moratorium. At the same time, this moratorium should apply exclusively to the stage of execution of the relevant court judgments, in which it has been or will be awarded compulsory execution by the debtor of his/hers obligation in kind in favor of the specified creditors, and should not limit the right of such creditors to exercise their right on claim against the debtor by applying for judicial protection and obtaining such protection in the form of satisfaction of the specified claims by the court.
Key words: moratorium, prohibition, restriction, postponement, execution, obligation, creditor, Russian Federation, related parties, judicial protection, execution of the judgment, martial law.

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