“Pravova derzhava”. Issue 37 (2026), pages 312–322.

DOI: 10.33663/0869-2491-2026-37-312-322

Khudoiar Lesia
Protection of human rights in the theory and practice of Galician social democrats during the First World War and the occupation regimes of the Russian Empire and the Second Polish-Lithuanian

ISSN online: 2617-9776 print: 0869-2491

Introduction. The relevance of the publication is due to the lack of a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical developments of previous generations of Ukrainian jurists in the scientific work of modern Ukrainian scientists, devoted to the protection of human rights in conditions of martial law and occupation regime. Such developments in the conditions of the full-scale nature of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine should contribute to the development of effective mechanisms for the protection of constitutional human rights in conditions of martial law and occupation regime.

Results. An attempt is made to objectively cover the history of the formation and legal formulation of theoretical concepts and mechanisms for the protection of human rights under martial law and the occupation regime in Ukrainian legal thought. The problem of protecting human rights and freedoms during military operations, which became relevant in the territory of Western Ukraine at the beginning of World War I in the activities of the Ukrainian social-democratic movement of Galicia and its leaders, is highlighted.

The problem of human rights protection in the theory and practice of Galician social democrats during the occupation regime of the Russian Empire and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is considered. The theoretical concepts and practical actions in the protection of human rights of the leading leaders of the Galician Ukrainian Social Democratic Party, Volodymyr Starosolsky and Volodymyr Temnytsky, are highlighted.

Attention is paid to the activities of social democrats in protecting the rights of servicemen and civilians during hostilities and in the occupied territory. In particular, the human rights activities of V. Starosolsky in the territory of Western Ukraine annexed by Poland are highlighted. V. Starosolsky, in the conditions of the assimilationist policy of the Polish government, carried out human rights activities and constantly emphasized the national enslavement of the Ukrainian people while defending defendants accused of “anti-state activities.”

V. Temnytsky’s participation in international forums and international public organizations in Sweden and Austria, dedicated to protecting the rights of Ukrainians on the basis of the right to self-determination of peoples, is highlighted. The work of V. Temnytsky dedicated to protecting the rights of Ukrainians of Galicia and Bukovina in the territory occupied by Russian troops is highlighted. V. Temnytsky paid considerable attention to protecting the political and socio-economic rights of Ukrainian workers in the territory of Western Ukraine annexed by Poland and resolutely opposed the policy of pacification in 1930 in Galicia.

Conclusions. The first attempts at theoretical developments and implementation of norms for the protection of human rights during the period of war and occupation regimes, carried out by representatives of the Galician Social Democrats, became the basis for representatives of Ukrainian politics, who continued to develop this issue, in particular, during the Second World War and the post-war period. In particular, regarding the rights of military personnel, the treatment of the wounded, prisoners of war and civilians. The introduction into scientific circulation of theoretical developments and practices of previous generations of Ukrainian jurists will contribute to the improvement of mechanisms for the protection of human rights during war and in occupied territories, since in general the issue of human rights in war conditions and in our time is extremely complex and multifaceted.

Keywords: protection of human rights, World War I, occupation regimes of the Russian Empire and the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Galician Social Democrats, Volodymyr Starosolskyi, Volodymyr Temnytskyi.

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Дата першого надходження рукопису до видання: 24.01.2026
Дата прийнятого до друку рукопису після рецензування: 03.03.2026
Дата публікації: 24.03.2026